What is Fire Agate, And Where to Find it?

Fire agate is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline variety of quartz. It is characterized by its vibrant, iridescent colors, which are caused by the presence of thin layers of iron oxide and other minerals. Fire agates can be found in a variety of colors, including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple.

Fire Agate is a semi-precious gemstone formed by relatively recent volcanic activity. It is outwardly similar in appearance to quartz, but also shows interesting swirls, bubbles and patterns.

Fire agate is a natural gemstone discovered so far only in certain areas of central and northern Mexico and the southwestern United States (New Mexico, Arizona and California).

Fire agates have beautiful iridescent rainbow colors, similar to opal, with a measurement of hardness on the Mohs scale of between 5 and 7 which reduces the occurrence of scratching when polished gemstones are set in jewelry.

What is Fire Agate, And Where to Find it?
Fire agate by Photographer Thomas Shearer

The vibrant iridescent rainbow colors found within fire agates, created by the Schiller effect as found in mother-of-pearl, is caused by the alternating silica and iron oxide layers which diffract and allow light to pass and form an interference of colors within the microstructure layering of the stone causing the fire effect for which it is named.

Photo: Isaac Jones

Fire Agate Formation

Fire Agate formation begins with the eruption of volcanoes, releasing hot lava that flows over the surrounding landscape. As this lava cools and solidifies, it traps gas bubbles within its matrix. Over time, these gas bubbles create cavities or voids within the lava rock.

Silica-rich fluids, often heated by the residual heat from the volcanic activity, percolate through the cracks and fissures in the lava rock, eventually reaching these cavities. These fluids, rich in silicon dioxide (SiO₂), gradually deposit layers of chalcedony, a microcrystalline variety of quartz, onto the walls of the cavities.

As the silica-rich fluids continue to flow, they encounter trace amounts of iron oxide, typically in the form of hematite (Fe₂O₃). Hematite, responsible for the fiery colors of fire agate, precipitates out of the silica-rich fluids, forming microscopic platy crystals that adhere to the chalcedony layers. These platy crystals of hematite align in a parallel or subparallel fashion, giving rise to the iridescent appearance of fire agate.

The color of fire agate is primarily determined by the thickness of the hematite layers and the angle of light reflection. Thinner layers of hematite produce lighter shades of red or orange, while thicker layers impart deeper hues of red, orange, and even purple. The angle of light reflection, influenced by the orientation of the hematite crystals, affects the intensity and play of colors, creating the mesmerizing iridescence that characterizes fire agate.

Fire Agate Gemstone Mineral Locations

Deer Creek, Arizona

Deer Creek Fire agate is well known for it's high quality fire agate gemstones and excellent lapidary rough. The fire agate from Deer Creek Arizona ranks high on the list of desired collected gemstones, mineral specimens, and lapidary gemstone cutting material. Located in the eastern foothills of the Galiuro Mountains southwest of Safford, Arizona, this area has several active fire agate mines. Some of the early pioneers in fire agate mining at Deer Creek were Larry Gray, Howard Imboden, Guy Paul and Cliff Willis.

Cuesta Fire Agate Mine - Arizona

Cuesta Fire Agate mine is a Desert Dig. when you come out to the Mine, you go to the claims and you can dig to your hearts content. without restrictions to what or where you can Dig. The Mine is open 12 months of the year. fee: $30.00 - $50.00 a day, Tool Rentals, $5.00 a day.

Address: old Route 66 4 miles north of Oatman, AZ.

Slaughter Mountain - Arizona

Known for it's high quality fire agate gemstones and with it's rough often having multiple layers of fire banding, Slaughter Mountain Fire Agate is well suited for gemstone carving purposes. The mine at Slaughter Mountain is known for producing high quality fire agate gemstones, with intense color variations from bright reds and oranges to intense greens, purples and blues.